UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES CENTER FOR INTEGRATIVE AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PUBLIC POLICY MONOGRAPH SERIES EDITORIAL RESPONSIBILITIES The Editor-in-Chief and the Program Editors ensure that contributions to the UP CIDS Public Policy Monograph Series contain research findings on issues that are aligned with the core agenda of the research programs under the University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies (UP CIDS). The responsibility of the Editor-in-Chief and the Program Editors is towards high standards of scholarship, the generation of new knowledge that can be utilized for the good of the public, and the dissemination of such information. The UP CIDS partakes in the University’s leadership in knowledge creation and public service. This is carried out through the dissemination of researchbased knowledge through activities such as fora, symposia, and conferences, and through its public policy-oriented publications. These research activities are initiated by the Center's twelve (12) research programs and the LocalRegional Studies Network (LRSN) composed of research centers in UP constituent universities. PROGRAM EDITORS EDUCATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING CLUSTER Dina S. Ocampo Education Research Program Fernando DLC. Paragas Program on Higher Education Research and Policy Reform Marie Therese Angeline P. Bustos Assessment, Curriculum, and Technology Research Program Jalton G. Taguibao Program on Data Science for Public Policy Annette O. Pelkmans-Balaoing Program on Escaping the Middle-Income Trap: Chains for Change Antoinette R. Raquiza Political Economy Program Eduardo C. Tadem Benjamin B. Velasco Program on Alternative Development Antonio Miguel L. Dans Jose Rafael A. Marfori Program on Health Systems Development SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL STUDIES CLUSTER Maria Ela L. Atienza Jorge V. Tigno Program on Social and Political Change ABOUT THE PROGRAM The Program on Alternative Development (AltDev) aims to look at paradigms, policies, practices, and projects that are largely marginalized and excluded from the mainstream. The Program aims to bring these Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem EDITOR-IN-CHIEF DEVELOPMENT CLUSTER ABOUT UP CIDS Established in 1985 by UP President Edgardo Angara, the UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies (UP CIDS) is a policy research unit of the University that connects disciplines and scholars across the several units of the UP System. It is mandated to encourage collaborative and rigorous research addressing issues of national significance by supporting scholars and securing funding, enabling them to produce outputs and recommendations for public policy. EDITORIAL BOARD alternatives out of the margins and into the mainstream to level the playing field so that they may be regarded on an equal footing with dominant discourses and thus offer alternatives to the existing system. Macrina A. Morados Islamic Studies Program Herman Joseph S. Kraft Strategic Studies Program Marie Aubrey J. Villaceran Frances Antoinette C. Cruz Decolonial Studies Program EDITORIAL STAFF The UP CIDS Public Policy Monograph Series is published quarterly by the University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies. Editorial Office: Lower Ground Floor, Ang Bahay ng Alumni, Magsaysay Avenue, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Telephone: (02) 8981-8500 loc. 4266 to 4268 / (02) 8426-0955 Email: cids@up.edu.ph / cidspublications@up.edu.ph Ace Vincent P. Molo ASSOCIATE EDITOR Clarisse C. Culla ASSISTANT EDITOR Virna Liza O. Guaño COPYEDITOR Zylyka F. Gendraule LAYOUT ARTIST